© Copyleft 2013 Kevin Donnelly.Thanks to HTML KickStart.
| Non-child: | ||
| Child: | ||
(Replicated from the Child Language Databases website. The original page offers downloadable lexicon files, but those links are dead.)
A lexicon has been created which lists the word forms which the children use, together with their categories (parts of speech) and lexemes (dictionary entry form). The conventions of CHILDES are used:
| word-form | {[scat category]} | lexeme |
|---|---|---|
| afal | {[scat en]} | "afal" |
| fale | {[scat en]} | "afal" |
| wedi | {[scat ag]} | "wedi" \ |
| {[scat ar]} | "wedi" |
In the case the category of nouns, number and gender are also indicated as follows:
| word-form | {[scat category]} | lexeme |
|---|---|---|
| afal | {[scat en] [rhif un] [cen g]} | "afal" |
| fale | {[scat en] [scat en] [rhif ll]} | "afal" |
Details of the coding are given under en in the description of the Categories below.
The following categories and codes are used:
| ?? | multi-category form which is ambiguous in context |
| a1 | pro-form place adjuncts like there, fama (here, yonder) |
| ab | conjuncts and disjuncts like hefyd (also), felly (therefore) |
| ad | other adjuncts |
| ag | aspect markers yn (progressive), wedi (perfect) |
| an | adjectives |
| ar | prepositions |
| as | adverbs allan (out), ymlaen (onwards), i+ffwrdd (away), i+lawr (down), etc. |
| at | adverbs beginning with tu - tu+allan (outside), tu+ol (behind), etc. |
| b4 | Welsh finite verb with English inflection |
| bd | English verbs in -ed, -en or equivalent e.g. crashed, drunk |
| be | verbnoun forms (compare English plain infinitive) including auxiliaries but not bod (be) |
| bf | finite-verb forms (including the imperative forms) except bod (be) |
| bg | English verbs in -ing |
| bp | English plain infinitive forms |
| cd | co-ordinating conjunctions like a (and), neu (or), ond (but) |
| ce | verbnoun (compare English plain infinitive) of bod (be) |
| cf | finite forms of bod (be) |
| cm | mwy (more) as a comparative particle before adjectives, as in mwy addas (more appropriate), llai oer (less cold) |
| cn | greetings and farewells like helo (hello) |
| cy | subordinating conjunctions like achos (because) |
| d1 | preverbal particle, tag: oni (namely) 't, 'n', yn', ynd, etc. |
| d2 | preverbal particle, positive: y1, fe1, mi1 |
| d3 | preverbal particle, negative: d, t, na, na5 |
| eb | standard exclamations like aa (ah), oo (oh) |
| en | nouns - features on nouns are: rhif (number) = un(igol) (singular) or ll(uosog) (plural) cen(edl) (gender) = g(wrywaidd) (masculine) or b(enywaidd) (feminine) or gb |
| er | the post-modifying words arall (other) and eraill (others) |
| es | eisiau (wants, needs) - a nominal form |
| f1 | answer word, positive: ie, ia, do(yes) |
| f2 | answer word, negative: nage, nace, naci, naddo (no) |
| g1 | nominal wh- words - beth (what), pwy (who) |
| g2 | adverbial wh- words - pryd (when), pam (why), sut (how) |
| g3 | the wh- word pa (which) |
| g4 | compounds involving wh- words like beth+bynnag (whatever), pryd+bynnag (whenever) |
| g5 | the wh- word faint (how much/many) |
| ga | grammatically invariant answer words ie (yes), nage (no), do (yes), naddo (no) |
| gc | the comparative particle na (than) |
| gd | demonstrative words dyna (there/that is), dyma (here/this is), dacw (yonder is) |
| gg | intensifiers like rhy (too), go (fairly), mor (so) |
| gm | quantifiers like digon (enough), llawer (much/many), mwy (more) |
| gr | preverbal particles like mi, fe, ni and focussing particles like mai, ai |
| gt | the predicatival particle yn |
| gy | particle onid e: yntefe, tefe, and also 'de, 'te, ynte, etc.; the latter may be ynteu sometimes |
| ll | pro-form adjuncts yna (there), yma (here), acw (yonder) |
| ly | letters of the alphabet |
| mo | words indicating epistemic modality: efallai (perhaps), hwyrach (perhaps) |
| ne | the negator dim (no/not) both as quantifier and adverb |
| on | onomatopoeic-type forms |
| pa | politeness expressions like pardon, plis, sori |
| pe | determiners like y (the) |
| pi | forms of piau, used to indicate ownership |
| for obscure forms | |
| r1 | personal pronouns like ti (you), fo (he/him) |
| r2 | demonstrative pronouns like hwn |
| r3 | indefinite pronouns like rhywun (someone) |
| r4 | negative pronouns like neb (no-one) |
| r5 | reflexive pronouns like fy+hun (myself) |
| r6 | reciprocal pronouns like ei+gilydd (each other) |
| r7 | conjunctive pronouns like finnau (me too) |
| r8 | prefixed (possessive) pronouns like fy (my), ei (his/her) |
| r9 | the 'alternative' pronoun llall (other), lleill (others) |
| rd | rhaid (must, necessity) |
| ri | numbers |
| rp | universal pronouns like pawb (someone) |
| rq | indefinite phrases like beth+'na (thingie), lle+'na, be+ti'+'n+galw (what do you call it) |
| sg | standard verbal pauses like ymm (uhm) |
| sy | standard paralinguistic forms like hy+hy (uh-uh), mm+mm (uhm-uhm) |
| ya | manner-adverbial particle yn e.g. yn gyflym (quickly) |
| z1 | fronting particle, interrogative: efe |
| z2 | fronting particle, declarative: na2, mai, taw |
| Nonsense words | Suffixed with @gl in the data files. | chic+chics+tics@gl |
| Noises | Suffixed with @sn in the data files. | iii@sn |
| English words | Single English words in Welsh sentences and in isolation are included. Strings of English words as phrases or sentences are excluded. In the data files, they are surrounded with <...> which is followed with [% Saesneg]. Words from other languages are treated in the same way. | welish i <big christmas tree> [% Saesneg] |
| Words in songs etc. | In the data files, they are enclosed in <...> which is followed with [% ca:n]. | <dau gi bach yn mynd i 'r coed> [% ca:n] |
| Proper names | Begin with a capital letter in the data files. | |
| Unfinished words | Begin with & in the data files. | &ffl |